Attachment Theory free essay sample

Agrawal, H. , Gunderson, J. , Holmes, B. , Lyons-Ruth, K. (2004) ‘Attachment Studies with Borderline Patients: A Review’ Harvard Review of Psychiatry, Volume 12, No. 2 Ainsworth, M. Bell, S. (1970) ‘Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behaviour of one-year-olds in a strange situation’. Child Development, 41, 49-67. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1973). ‘The development of infant-mother attachment’, in B. Cardwell H. Ricciuti (Eds. ). Review of child development research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Bateman, A. Fonagy, P. (2004). ‘Mentalization-based treatment of BPD’. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 36-51. Bowlby, J. (1940) ‘The Influence of Early Environment in the Development of Neurosis and Neurotic Character’, International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 21, 154-78 Bowlby, J. (1951). Maternal Care and Mental Health. World Health Organisation Monograph (Serial No. 2), Geneva Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and Anger. New York: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1979) The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds. We will write a custom essay sample on Attachment Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Psychology Press Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and Loss: Vol. 3. Loss. New York: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1988). A Secure Base. Oxon: Routledge. Bowlby, R. (2008) ‘Attachment Theory: How to help young children acquire a secure attachment’ (Speech, European Parliament, 8th January 2008) http://www. allianceforchildhood. eu/files/QOC%20Sig%204. pdf Bretherton, I. (1992) ‘The Origins of Attachment Theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth’, Developmental Psychology 28: 759-775 Daniel, S. (2006) ‘Adult attachment patterns and individual psychotherapy: A review’ Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 968–984. Diamond, D. , Meehan, K. (2013). ‘Attachment and object relations in patients with narcissistic personality disorder: Implications for therapeutic process and outcome’. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 69, 1148–1159. Easterbrooks, M. A. (1989) ‘Quality of attachment to mother and to father: Effects of perinatal risk status’. Child Development, 60, 825-830. Erikson, E. (1968) Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: W. W. Norton Company. Fairbairn, W. R. D. (1996) Psychological Studies of the Personality. London: Routledge. Farber, B. , Lippert, R. , Nevas, D. (1995) ‘The therapist as attachment figure’. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 32, 204–212. Field, T. (1996) ‘Attachment and Separation in Young Children’. Annual Review of Psychology 47:541-562. Fonagy, P. , Steele, M. , Steele, H. , Leigh, T. , Kennedy, R. , Mattoon G. (1995) ‘Attachment, the reflective self, and borderline states: the predictive specificity of the Adult Attachment Interview and pathological emotional development’, in R. Goldberg (Ed) Attachment theory: social, developmental, and clinical perspectives. Analytic: New York. pp. 233–78. Fonagy, P. (2003) ‘The development of psychopathology from infancy to adulthood: The mysterious unfolding of disturbance in time’ Infant Mental Health Journal, 24(3), 212–239. Gelso, C. , Palma, B. , Bhatia, A. (2013) ‘Attachment theory as a guide to understanding and working with transference and the real relationship in psychotherapy’. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 69, 1160–1171. Gomez, L. (1997) An Introduction to Object Relations. London. Free Association Books. Hamilton, C. (2000). ‘Continuity and discontinuity of attachment from infancy through adolescence’. Child Development, 71, 690-694. Harris, J. (1998) The Nurture Assumption: Why children turn out the way they do. New York: Free Press. Hazan, C. , Shaver, P. (1994). ‘Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships’. Psychological Inquiry, 5, 1-22. Hewlett, B. (1991). Intimate fathers: The nature and context of Aka pygmy paternal care. MI: University of Michigan Press. Holmes, J. (1993). John Bowlby and Attachment Theory. London. Routledge Jones, A. (2008) ‘The AAI as a Clinical Tool’ in H. Steele and M. Steele (Eds) Clinical Applications of the Adult Attachment Interview. Guilford Press Larsson, P. (2012) ‘How important is an understanding of the client’s early attachment experience to the psychodynamic practice of counselling psychology? ’ Counselling Psychology Review, Vol. 27, No. 1, March 2012 Levy, K. , Meehan, K. , Temes, C. , Yeomans, F. (2012) ‘Attachment Theory and Research: Implications for Psychodynamic Psychotherapy’, in R. Levy, J. Ablon, Stuart, Kachele Horst (Eds. ), Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Research: Evidence-Based Practice and Practice-Based Evidence, Humana Press Levy, K. (2013) ‘Introduction: Attachment Theory and Psychotherapy’ Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, Vol. 69 (11), 1133–1135 Liotti, G. (2013) ‘Phobias of Attachment-Related Inner States in the Psychotherapy of Adult Survivors of Childhood Complex Trauma’ Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, Vol. 69(11), 1136–1147 Lopez, F. G. , Mauricio, A. M. , Gormley, B. , Simko, T. , Berger, E. (2001) ‘Adult attachment orientations and college student distress: The mediating role of problem coping styles’. Journal of Counselling Development, 79, 459–464. Lorenzini, N. and Fonagy, P. (2013) ‘Attachment and Personality Disorders: A Short Review’ FOCUS: The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry, 11: 155-166 Main, M. , Solomon, J. (1990). ‘Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation’ in M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti E. Cummings (Eds), Attachment in the Preschool Years (pp. 121–160). Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Marmarosh, C. Tasca, G. (2013) ‘Adult attachment anxiety: Using group therapy to promote change. ’ Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 69, 1172–1182. Muris, P. , Meesters, C. , van Melick, M. Zwambag, L. (2001) ‘Self-reported attachment style, attachment quality, and symptoms of anxiety and depression in young adolescents’ Personality and Individual Differences, 30(5), 809–818. Oakley, A. (1981) Subject Women. Oxford: Martin Robertson Owens, K. Haddock, G. and Berry, K. (2013), ‘The Role of the Therapeutic Alliance in the Regulation of Emotion in Psychosis: An Attachment Perspective’. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 20: 523–530. Pistole, M. Watkins, Jr. (1995) ‘Attachment theory, counselling process, and supervision’ The Counselling Psychologist, 23(3), 457–478. Renn, P. (2010) ‘Psychoanalysis, Attachment Theory and the Inner World: How Different Theories Understand the Concept of Mind and the Implications for Clinical Work’, Attachment: New Directions in Psychotherapy and Relational Psychoanalysis, Vol 4, July 2010: 146-168 Rogers, C. (1957) ‘The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change’, Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21 (2): 95-103 Rutter, M. (1979). ‘Maternal deprivation, 1972-1978: New findings, new concepts, new approaches’. Child development, 283-305. Schaffer, H. and Emerson, P. (1964). ‘The Development of Social Attachments in Infancy’. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 29, 94. Shear, K. , Monk, T. , Houck, P. , Melhem, N. , Frank, E. , Reynolds, C. Sillowash, R. (2007) ‘An attachment-based model of complicated grief including the role of avoidance’ European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 257, 453–461. Sheehy, N. (2004) Fifty Key Thinkers in Psychology. London. Routledge. Slade, A. , Grienenberger, J. , Bernbach, E. , Levy, D. Locker, A. (2005) ‘Maternal reflective function, attachment, and the transmission gap: A preliminary study’. Attachment and Human Development, 7(3), 283–298. Steele, K. , van der Hart, O. Nijenhuis, E. (2001) ‘Dependency in the treatment of complex posttraumatic stress disorder and dissociative disorders’ Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 2(4), 79–115. Wallin, D. (2007) Attachment in Psychotherapy. New York: Guilford Waters, E. , Hamilton, C. , Weinfield, N. (2000). ‘The stability of attachment security from infancy to adolescence and early adulthood: General discussion’. Child Development, 71, 678-683. Wilson, S. (2001) ‘Attachment disorders: Review and current status’ The Journal of Psychology, 135, 37-51.

Piaget Theory Of Cognitive Developement essays

Piaget Theory Of Cognitive Developement essays There are two classical theories of cognitive development. The one that I will focus on is Piagets theory of cognitive development. Jean Piaget, a Swiss, educated, mollusk biologist lived from 1896 to 1980. He hypothesized that learning is a physical, biological function of dealing with successfully with the environment. (Phillips, 1998) This is the basis for his theory. Looking at Piagets theory of cognitive development in more detail we find that he based it on two biological tendencies. The two tendencies are organization, and adaption. Organization as Piaget saw it said that humans are designed to organize their observations and experiences into coherent sets of meanings. ( Eggen, 1999) This organization of observation makes the thinking process more efficient. If a person can put the things they observe in some sort of order the easier it is to remember and apply their observations. If we did not organize our observations and experiences we would have little bits of information floating around in our brains with no connection between them. Adaption is according to Piagets theory is the tendency to adjust to the environment. Adaption is a process by which we create matches between our original observations and new ones that might not exactly fit together. Our original observations and conceptions are called our schemas. To adapt to new observations and experiences into our schemas we use one of two techniques. We can assimilate that information by putting it together with old schemas or conceptions. If the observations dont fit nicely into our existing schemas we use the second of the adaption techniques. We accommodate or change our schema to fit our observation. Piaget never said that our schemas had to be right or wrong. Our schemas are based on our own observations and experiences. ( Eggen, 1999) We adapt to things because we are driven by the urge to have things fit together or to be in what...

Hobbe's notion of political obligation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hobbe's notion of political obligation - Essay Example A proper insight into Hobbes’ concept of political obligation or the moral conduct that every individual must have towards political order has been provided within the scope of this paper. Every man has a moral duty to obey the laws of the land that he is bound by; this is the concept of political obligation. According to Hobbes, individuals came together in the form of a social contract in order to live in a civil society in a sophisticated manner. Hobbes presented this state of nature in the backdrop of the American Civil War in 1651 where life was brutish, poor, nasty, solitary and hellish for every man. Thus, he postulated the theory of a sovereign central power being there to guide everyone and provide them with certain rights and duties at the same time. Political duty has been said to be one of man’s main obligations; something that he is bound to follow and carry out in order to serve the State. Political obligation is thus an obligation or a duty that every cit izen belonging to a State has, to follow the law and live by the rules that have been laid down in the land. Anyone who has an obligation to obey the law thus has a moral duty to discharge, at least when there are no overriding moral considerations that justify disobedience. Obligation may differ from a duty or a sense of morality to be exact in a number of ways, the most simple of the reasons being that obligation is a compulsion or a ‘moral’ right of a man to carry out a duty. For Hobbes, the social contract theory meant that every man would have his own rights and powers and freedom and would not be restricted by others living within the same society. However, he would have to follow the sovereign authority of the state and would be obligated to derive and obey the law from the consent of the governing body. This raises a fundamental question in the minds of most political philosophers, â€Å"Why should we obey the government, and when, if ever, do we have the right not to? â€Å"The rational necessity of renouncing our rights and investing them in an all-powerful sovereign, he concludes that our obligation to obey such a sovereign is absolute, right up to the moment when he actually attempts our destruction.† (Duff, Konstancja) As per the laws of nature, Hobbes stated that if a man desired his own preservation in the eyes of the State then he must act according to the rules that were laid down by the sovereign powers. He writes that the judgement that the sovereign authority passes is maintained as the trump card or the deciding factor for everything that takes place within the State. Thus, following the same concept, political obligation recognises the same and as per this private normative judgements of the people might never be taken into account. Disobedience of the law of the land may only be taken into account when a person’s life is in immediate threat or danger. Political obligation in simple terms only refers to a civic duty that every citizen possesses. Hobbes maintained the fact that it was important to obey the rules and regulations laid down or dictated by anyone trying to maintain political order as a part of political obligation of a person. Such tyranny made people unhappy and uneasy to follow. He was opposed by political philosophers like John Locke for stating his version of political

India and China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

India and China - Essay Example As mothers, they used to take care of their homes and their children and ensure that their daughters end up marring a rich person. In India, a female serves several roles throughout her life at different stages of life. Every female is expected to go through two stages of life, the first stage is when an Indian female assumes the position as a daughter in Indian family and the second stage is when she assumes the position of being a wife along with a daughter in law in her life. As an Indian female child or daughter, the parents of an Indian girl expect her to enjoy her life, concentrate on her studies and become an obedient child to her parents. For example, Sita in Sarena Nanda’s article named â€Å"Arranging a Marriage in India† states that as a child her family does not expects her to find a boyfriend and a future partner for her and instead want her to leave this task on their shoulders while she continues to have fun and enjoy their life (Hirschberg 192). This eve n means that parents of Indian families expect their daughters to be dependent on them for major decisions of their life such as deciding about the person whom she is going to get married to and spend her life with. Another important point stated in Nanda’s article is that when a girl is married to a boy in India, the girl does not only gets married to the individual male, she even agrees to be committed with entire family of her husband. For example, when Sita was asked about how she can get married to a person she does not know, she responded that her parents conduct a background check on the family of her future possible husband. This means that at an early age, her parents have already injected it in her mind that after she gets married she even has to serve the family of her husband. In the ancient Chinese era, the Chinese families expected the female children to accept that the males of the society were elites and they were subordinates to them. This is evident in the a rticle named â€Å"China Chic: East Meets West† as it has been stated that the activity of foot binding was limited to the female gender and at a very early age this activity was conducted to ensure that the size of female feet remains smaller than the size of the male feet to symbolize male dominance (Steele 416). The females of the ancient Chinese era were even expected to accept that no matter how weak their male counterparts were, they were still elites and dominant. This explanation is correct as foot binding was especially under taken during the period when the Chinese were experiencing defeats and in order to boost the morale of the military officials, foot binding was used to make them feel superior. Chinese women were even expected by their family members, especially by their mothers to look sexually attractive so they can compete against concubines in order to attract their male counterparts. Steele asserts that small feet were perceived to be very sexually attracti ve, thus females of ancient Chinese used to be involved in the act of foot binding. The process of foot binding even reflects that Chinese women during the ancient Chinese period were expected to marry a rich husband and in order to attract such a husband, their families used to bind their feet at a very early age and their children used to accept the activity in a very brave manner. Steele’s text even highlights that the role of a mother was to ensure

Guitar Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Guitar - Research Paper Example Keywords: Guitar, Music, instrument Introduction Guitar is a stringed musical instrument commonly used in most of the production of music. It is a versatile instrument made of wood, and it enables the composition of complex harmonies and intonation (Hempstead & Worthington, 2005). The instrument consists of two parts; the neck from which the strings originate and the body on which the strings terminate (Wade, 2001). It is one of the most played musical instruments after piano. Most guitars have six strings, but there are some with four while others have twelve strings. Allan (2002) says that a guitar produces sound by the playing of its strings. The sound produced gets projected through electrical amplification or acoustically (for the case of electrical and acoustic guitars respectively). Playing a guitar involves plucking the strings with one hand while fretting the strings with the other hand (Hempstead & Worthington, 2005). It is one of the most fundamental musical instruments be cause of its convenience. It is easy to carry a guitar around because it is light and portable as compared with drums and piano (Wheeler, 1980). Types of Guitars There are several types of guitars, but all of them fall under two broad categories: acoustic and the electric guitars. The acoustic guitars depend on acoustic means as opposed to electronic means, to convert and amplify the energy of the vibrating strings to produce a sound (Kasha, 1998). This involves use of a soundboard that amplifies the vibrations of the strings. There are two types of acoustic guitars: classical and the steel-string. The classical ones have no nylon strings. Additionally, they have wider necks unlike to the steel-string guitars which have a metallic sound that is distinctive wide range of most popular music styles (Hempstead & Worthington, 2005). The body of an acoustic guitar is a hollow chamber, which makes the instrument has a deep tone. Its portability and ease of use is the quality that makes the acoustic guitars suitable to small concerts, churches and other functions (Tom & Mary, 1977). For stadium concerts and other large venues, some amplification is necessary. To do this using an acoustic guitar, the operator places the microphone a few inches from the sound-hole or alternatively by installing a pickup (Kasha, 1998). Electric guitars convert the vibration of its strings into electric impulses by use of a pickup by the principle of electromagnetic induction (Wheeler, 1980). The electric guitars differ from the others in two ways: one, they have solid bodies made from wood. The electric guitars must be amplified through electrical means in order to hear their sound (Wheeler, 1980). The use of an amplifier aims at obtaining implication of the electrical guitar. The electric guitar when amplified produces a metallic sound that does not decay fast, and this quality makes electric guitars suitable for pop, blues and jazz music (Ratcliffe, 2005). The strings of an electric gu itar are thinner than those of the acoustic guitars. The strings are also very close to the neck, therefore, pressing them down requires less force (Farmer, 1988). History of the Guitar The guitar is one of the man’s oldest and most symbolic musical instruments, and it is a major building

The Effectiveness Of Mass Media Advertisements Marketing Essay

The Effectiveness Of Mass Media Advertisements Marketing Essay For many years mass media advertising was seen as the strongest form of creating awareness to a companys brand. However, the 21st century brings with it the decline of traditional mass media. As humans are being exposed to more and more advertising on a large scale, it is only inevitable that the effectiveness of the mass communication will greatly diminish. Magazines and newspapers are losing readers, radio is losing listeners, and most importantly television is losing viewers. Whats driving this trend is that consumers are drifting more towards digital media driven by online content typified by social media sites and online gaming, as well as more and more homes having access to broadband internet connectivity   and its capability to provide an ever-growing and an ever-higher quality of video content. Marketers also face a general proliferation of media and distribution channels, with declining trust in advertising, multitasking by consumers, and digital technologies that give u sers more control over the their media time. These trends are simultaneously fragmenting both the audience and the channels needed to reach them. The danger for marketers is that this change will render the time honoured way of getting messages to consumers through TV commercials less effective at best and a waste of time and money at worst. Therefore, companies must be intuitive in seeking alternative marketing communications to increase their brand awareness and therefore utilise this now wider scope of tools. Tools that companies already acquire can be utilised and modified into an effective medium of communication. Promoting public relations and accompanying it with one of the reasons for the decline in the effectiveness of television advertising (social media). Companies are able to generate an effective, yet efficient means of delivering a brands message through a two way relationship. Accompanying an advertising industry that is in decline with the economic downfall, consumer s have little confidence towards brands and therefore developing a medium that can deliver a message that is portrayed through a story enables brands to once again deliver effective brand awareness. Brand awareness refers to the ability of the consumer as to whether they can recall or recognise a brand, that is, whether consumers know about the brand (Keller, 2008). Brand awareness must be established before building brand equity. The brand name develops the memory nodes in consumers minds (Aaker, 1991). Brand awareness consists of two factors: brand recognition and brand recall performance (Keller 1993). Consumers tend to link related brand knowledge to the brand name, this ultimately constitutes in the end product of brand equity (Aaker, 1991  and  Keller, 1993). Hence, brand awareness evokes an important learning advantage for the brand (Keller, 2008). Consumer decision making is also affected by brand awareness, especially for low-involvement packaged goods. Brands that consumers know are more likely to be included in the consumers consideration set (Hoyer and Brown, 1990  and  MacDonald and Sharp, 2000). Consumers may use brand awareness as a purchase decision heuri stic (Hoyer and Brown, 1990  and  MacDonald and Sharp, 2000). Therefore, brand awareness amplifies brand market performance. The decline of mass media advertising In its prime, network television was seen by marketers and ad agencies as the benchmark to successful brand awareness campaigns. This was due to the sheer number of consumers that tuned into the most popular television shows. The emphasis of these marketers was mass messaging of the brand to the consumers as companys based their television spending on the share of voice, that is making sure your market share, expenditure of competitors and the companys growth expectations of the brand was in line with the advertising budget. However, fragmenting media and shifting behaviour by consumers are revealing the traditional models limits due to the following trends. Media propagation. In the United States, what used to be a handful of stations has developed and evolved into 1,774 full power TV stations. Multitasking. With the development of the internet, more and more people are multitasking. According to Ulla G. Foehr, the average US teenager engages in an average of two other activities, one of these activities in homework. Therefore, as students are studying they have the ability to selectively listen to the television. Meaning that they can zone out when advertisements are aired and back in when the program returns. The same concept is applicable with the multitasking of surfing the internet and watching television. In a similar concept that supports multitasking. Switching Off is the process of consumers being selective of what they watch and the advertisements they trust. Yankelovich Partners state that 65% of consumers believe that they are constantly being bombarded with too much advertisement, with 65% saying they would be interested in products and services that would help block marketing, and 54% saying that they would avoid purchasing products that engulf with advertisement and marketing. What Communications should be exploited? As Brand awareness is scrutinized as being the focal point towards the succession of a brand, and therefore the company, it is essential that marketers develop efficient and effective messages in a communication that ultimately would increase the recognition and recall of the brand. Therefore, as the decline in the effectiveness of mass media continues, it opens a Pandora box of opportunities throughout other communications for marketers to develop and exploit. Marketers need a more meticulous approach to a fragmenting world, one that dismisses mentalities and norms from mass media advertisings golden age and understands the investment it really is. In other words, it will be necessary to boost marketings return on investment (ROI). Academicians and practitioners have debated the merits of integrating the related yet distinct functions of marketing and public relations (PR) for decades to develop an alternative route in developing brand awareness (Kotler and Mindak 1978.) Public relations is commonly related with communication activities that are designed to craft and maintain an organisations image with its publics (Kitchen P Proctor R, 2010) The role of organisational public relations is expanding with the changing times: PR doesnt just focus on your business product; it also assists in shaping strategic messaging .(Anonymous, 2010, p. 28). Traditionally, this meant that public relation professionals would meet and work with members of the news media to build a favourable image by publicising the brand throughout newspapers and broadcast media. However, with the development of web 2.0 defined as a platform whereby content and applications are no longer created and published by individuals, but instead are continuously modified by all users in a participatory and collaborative fashion (Kaplan Haenlein, 2010, p. 61), Winchell (2010) states that brands are being dismissed, measured and documented in real time and should therefore join the conversatio n in social media. American Airlines, one of the worlds largest air carriers, believes that public relations can help to maximize shrinking advertising budgets in tight economic times (Bush, 2009). It is therefore seen in modern society that the role of public relations can be two fold. As creator of the story, such as the conversation towards the consumer, and, as the curator of the medium to use, ie., social media. As a result of the economic downturn, many consumers have lost trust and confidence in the business environment. In a 2005 Starcom study, it was stated that 65% of consumers believed that advertisers paid to have their products placed or featured in magazine articles (Starcom Study 2005). Therefore, marketers must attempt to instil a new sense of comfort and confidence between the consumer and the brand. This is where public relations can be extremely effective, as authenticity can illicit strong connections from brand to consumer through the means of storytelling (Allen 2005). Storytelling has a role throughout organisations and even throughout public forums, as word of mouth through brand conversation is on the rise (Finchum 2010). Therefore, when consumers come into contact with a brand for the first time; strong, favourable and unique brand associations would have a higher probability of being evoked when an authentic story is told by the product or service itself, or by the cust omer word-of-mouth or by a credible third party (Denning, 2006, p. 43). Schipul (2009) proclaims that since todays society is centre of a conservative economy, the aim is to focus on an organisations relationship with its publics and social media is the communication medium for such a thing to transpire. Social media, with its greater ROI and its two way communication with consumers is the solution to support public relations in creating brand awareness with positive associations. Extraordinary advances in technology are dramatically altering the way, speed and nature humans are communicating with each other (Bandura 2001). Moxham (2008) states that when an organisation is in conversation with a consumer they should tell the brands story and empower the consumer to also spread the word. This is ultimately delivered through storytelling in the communication of social media. This never used to be the case, as public relations was only seen a one way sender-orientated approach to communication, whereby mass media such as television, newspaper and radio were used to address the public (Helder Kragh, 2002). However, in the digital age, there is now what is known as receiver oriented approach and this involves having two way conversations through the medium of social media. Therefore this polar opposite approach results in individuals shifting fluidly and flexibly between the role of audience and author. The creation of basic, easy to use software enables any consumer to comment, post, share content and form an online community around shared interest (Thornley 2008). McDonalds is an organisation that has successfully incorporated the sharing component through the social media communication of Facebook. They have achieved this by delivering a message, and encouraging its consumers to share it if it relates to their friends. This is where the traditional one way, sender orientated communication protocol fails, as communication will only occur because the consumer sender wants it to. This message will only work if the consumer is able to ascertain the meaning that the advertisement was attempting to portray (Stidsen 1975). Nikes 2012 Olympic Twitter campaign flourished as 16,000 people tweeted the hash tag Nike during the event, demonstrating the audience that can be i nteracted. Public relations, as skilled relationship builders, therefore have the advantage over traditional advertisement as they are able to ensure the consumer has a deep understanding of the message that the brand was illustrating. As the effectiveness of traditional mass media declines, organisations must be able to adapt their communications with the changing times to ensure that they have the greatest probability in creating consumer brand awareness whilst not only having a superior ROI but a communication that will reach the masses. Through the fusion of public relations and social media, brands have an opportunity to develop relationship between the brand and its publics, creating deep and meaningful stories that intend to divulge strong, unique and favourable brand associations with the consumer through online social networks. Companies then hope that these stories will continue to be shared by publics to other new consumers. These findings hold significant importance to the marketing communications industry, particularly companies who partake in mass media advertisement. A lot of uncertainty surrounds the issue of companies creating brand awareness and loyalty when consumers are becoming more immune to m ass advertising effects. This is why public relations has been emphasised, as it attaches more credibility to the brand and emphasises to two way communication, which completes the communication cycle by ensuring feedback from customers to ascertain brand experience and value. Therefore integrating public relations with social media will be the new key to unlock the door of the consumers mind. As medias golden age has come to a close, many marketers are frustrated and have limited agreement about what to do next. Some business managers are attempting to dissect marketing-mix models that exercise refined econometric methods to meticulously decipher the diverse effects of the marketing mix on business results. Managers should utilise public relations and ensure that they convey a strong and deep message to the consumer. This is a simplistic, yet effective proposal, and would be efficiently installed in most companies. The consequences of not implementing this marketing strategy are for everyone to see. Mass media advertising was exceptionally effective in previous decades as it was able to target such a large audience, particularly television viewers. The reasons for this can be seen as the downfall of it today. In consideration to todays amount, there were only a handful of channels, resulting in an increased target size. People do not watch television in the same manner as they used to. A majority of the population multi task and therefore disregard advertisements as it is being aired. Therefore, whilst advertisement expenditure increases it can only be predicted that companies that do not apply this strategy have the risk of not creating enough brand awareness and losing brand loyalty with its customers. It is therefore recommended that companies take advantage of these findings as it can only provide future benefits for the brand by accessing a wider audience, because it could be a consumer th at is multitasking between television and social media only to take all attention away from the televised commercial and onto the social media page where they become aware and informed about a brand online. Further research can deeper analyse the forms and methods that can be put incorporated in using this social media, such ways that take into account the costs and audience scope. Studies can also be partaken to evaluate the effectiveness of incorporating social media and public relations in developing brand awareness compared to other forms of communication.

Initiation Story Essay -- essays papers

Initiation Story "A&P", written by John Updike, is based on a moment in the life of a cashier. He was known as Sammy and he referred to his position in the grocery store as a slot checker. Sammy spent his time watching and wondering about customers. One day, while working, three girls dressed in bikinis entered the store and attracted his attention. He describes the three girls movements and watches them as they roam throughout the store. Eventually, the girls work their way to Sammy's cashier station to purchase the item which they have selected. Then Lengel, the manager of the store, enters and embarrasses the girls for their attire. As a result, Sammy quits his job at the A&P. This short story is an example of an initiation story through its use of characterization and plot. Sammy, the slot checker, at the "A&P" evolved throughout the story. Initially, he was only a cashier who was using his idol time to critique the customers who came passing through. His job was beneath his mental capabilities and so this was the only way he could keep himself bu...

Philippine Contemporary Issue-Abortion

Philippine Contemporary Issue – Abortion Why is abortion a social problem today? I think why abortion is a social problem is for the fact that not everyone agrees with that and everyone puts in their prospective. So then everyone else does to which leads into making it a big problem. The act of seeking or obtaining an abortion is not a real issue today. The personal issue of the people in the position of seeking an abortion hasn't changed with the exception that these people don't have to do it on a criminal basis from unsafe, illegal sources.Personal issues of fear of discovery, regret, guilt (or lack thereof), and what this will mean to their future and future relationships has not changed overtime Predominantly Catholic, the Philippine Islands have banned all abortion, except that which saves the life of the mother. Yet there are an average of 470,000 abortions induced annually. Filipinas do not have the same socio-political climate as they do in the United States.There is no taxi service to public abortion clinics, judicial waivers, or counseling sessions. If you are caught having an abortion in the Philippines, it’s against the law and you are thrown in jail – plain and simple. Of the women who are successful in inducing their own abortions, many go to great – and often grotesque – lengths to achieve their goal. Most of them take some form of anti-clotting or aspirin-related drugs, to induce bleeding.Some drink incredible quantities of alcohol. When all else fails, they throw themselves down flights of stairs or beat on their stomachs, with the â€Å"help† of a local midwife†¦ others self-catheter their vaginas. All of these violent practices greatly endanger the mother as well; it’s shocking that a woman would harm herself like that for an abortion. I’m not detailing this because I think pregnant Filipinas should have it cushy like they do in the States.No way! I believe just the opposite: The U nites States needs to outlaw abortion, now. I’m amazed at how desperate we are, as a civilization, to kill unborn babies and end inconvenient pregnancies. It is stunning that the world feels so entitled to its desires and personal gain that we have huge social movements trying to protect murder on demand. Think hard about that. Murder on demand – on a worldwide scale.

Japans International Relations

Japans International Relations Free Online Research Papers In this essay I will verify that Japan’s geographical location has influenced its international relations in a number of ways. I intend to show this by using information gathered from websites, books and articles. Japan’s land formation is extremely complex. This means that, due to its hilly land masses, covered in mountainous regions, volcanoes and earthquake prone tectonic plates it is a very difficult place to a.) build a house and b.) cultivate rice. As the Japanese public are amongst the largest consumers of rice in the world these difficulties with cultivation could cause problems for Japan’s economy. To protect it’s domestic rice sales, the Japanese government imposed an import tax of 450% on foreign rice. In order to justify this tax to their people the Japanese government lied about the quality of the imported rice. Japanese rice is unique, as a genus it is different from Thai jasmine and basmati. In times before genetic engineering, short grain rice was only indigenous to Italy and Japan. Despite the import tax on foreign rice, Japan is the worlds largest food importer, importing foods in large part from China, U.S.A, Russia, Thailand and Korea. Although at one time Japan was a self-sustaining country regarding food the subsequent change is largely due to a decrease in agricultural production. Major goods exported from Japan are high tech products such as automobiles, computers and other electronic items. An average of 74% of Japan’s exports are electronic goods. Whilst these types of exports are lucrative for Japan’s economy, they are damaging the environment. As Japan is host mainly to the chemical and heavy machinery manufacturing industries pollution levels are rising rapidly. This air pollution causes acid rain, the acidification of lakes and reservoirs is degrading water quality and threatening aquatic life. This requires Japan to import a greater amount of seafood from its neighbours. These combined factors ensure that Japan maintains positive international relations due to its heavy reliance on the world community for imports and exports. Since the end of the war Japan’s international relations with the U.S.A has improved dramatically and is particularly strong at the moment. Although this is good for Japan’s trade, it causes Japan to be viewed as American ‘lackeys’ and co-conspirators by other Asian nations. Concerns have arisen recently regarding the imbalance in trade between Japan and America. This imbalance has become so prominent there is a threat that it may weaken the worlds economy. It is a possibility that this trade imbalance could lead to the resentment of Japan by other leading industrial nations. This is a major concern for Japan as this may lead to restrictive trade measures being imposed. Allowing U.S military bases onto Japanese soil has also been looked upon unfavourably by its neighbours North Korea and Russia both of whom have turbulent relations with Japan. Although Japan’s relations with North Korea are improving this has not been helped by North Korea’s refusal over recent years to return a large number of Japanese citizens who were kidnapped in 1978. These citizens were kidnapped by North Korea in order to teach Japanese to North Koreans. They were given Korean names, forced to live in Korean society and forbidden to tell anyone even their children their true nationality. This has outraged the Japanese population. The Japanese government suspect there have been dozens of abductions, but North Korea have only admitted to thirteen kidnappings. So far five Japanese citizens have been returned to Japan. This issue has been continuing for a number of years and places a strain on the international relations between these countries. A key issue in Japan’s international relations being influenced by geography is the Kurile island conflict. This is a dispute between Russia and Japan over the sovereignty of four islands which are currently owned by Russia. The dispute is as to whether these islands currently under Russian rule were acquired by the treaty of Portsmouth or were owned by Japan prior to the treaty’s enforcement. The Russian government made an offer to Japan of returning two islands Shikotan and Habomai in 1956, however due to government changes in Japan at this time demands were hardened and requests for Kunashiri and Etorofu were made. This situation is very difficult as the issue is currently unresolved. In conclusion it is clear that environmental and geographical issues have had a strong impact on Japans international relations. I have looked at how land formation has influenced imports and exports which then effects pollution levels ( factories producing chemical and electronic goods). I have discussed the imbalance of trade between Japan and the U.S.A, and how Japans global position has caused the current conflicts with Russia and North Korea. This confirms some of the issues on how Japan’s international relations are influenced by it’s geography. Bibliography Allinson .G. D. (1997) Japan’s postwar history UCL press Curtis .G.L (1993) Japan’s foreign policy after the cold war: coping with change. M.E Sharpe Reischauer .E.O. Jansen .M.B.(1995) The Japanese today: change and continuity. the belknap press of Harvard University press. International internship programs (2001) Japan at a glance. Kondansha International Ltd. buzzle.com/editorials/10-15-2002-28266.asp japan-101.com/history/kurile_island_conflict.htm Research Papers on Japan’s International RelationsDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2PETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraGenetic Engineering

Roman Coliseum essays

Roman Coliseum essays 1. If I could be any one of the characters in the book The Outsiders, I would be Ponyboy because of his many good characteristics. He is intelligent which show by his good marks in school. He understands that its wrong to fight unless for self-defense. He is heroic; this shows by the fact that he ran into the burning church to save the children at the risk of his own life. Also, he has a bright future and many opportunities in his life because of his school grades and good-natured personality. These characteristics are what separate him from the other greasers and are also why I want to be like him. 2. It is five years after the worst week in Ponyboys life and many things have changed. Ponyboy has finished high school with top marks. He has quit smoking and is an all-star runner for the track team and was voted most likely to succeed. He has been offered several full scholarships to some of the best colleges in the country. Him and his brothers moved out of the city after Ponyboy finished high school and Darry decided to go to college. Ponyboy has learned that good things can come out of bad lives and has stayed gold. 3. I think the title of the book The Outsiders is a very good title considering the book itself. I think that the title described two people. I think Ponyboy is an outsider because hes not like the other greasers. He is not a hood because hes smart, level headed, and caring. Hes not tough like Dally because he picked up the glass from a bottle that he smashed. He also is one of the only greasers with a bright future; his education will take him far in life regardless of where he grew up. Also, Randy is an outsider. Randy is not like the other socials. He understands that fighting wont solve anything. He also doesnt hate all of the greasers just because everybody else does. He is a bright boy and finally understands that soc ...

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 41

Management - Essay Example China has financial institutions that are well developed and offer great services to their clients. The bank will need to understand the market well and know what is lacking that the people need, and aim to provide better services. The other challenge that it may encounter is the countries policies in the banking industry. The Chinese government has control over the lending and credit of banks in the countries. The China Banking Regulatory Commission (CRBC) was set up to control the financial institutions. This means that the interest rates on loans is controlled and the bank determines when the bank will give credit to its client. This is believed to control the value of the Rimini. The Chinese are one of the communities in the world known to uphold their culture despite being exposed to globalization. The important aspects of the Chinese citizens include their ceramics, music, religion, customs and celebrations, martial arts, cuisines, and costumes among others Giskin & Walsh, 2001). China has 56 ethnic groups located in various villages in the country. Each of these groups has different costumes, festivals, and festivals. These ethnic groups include the Mongolian, Hui, Miao, Zhuang among others. Socially, the Chinese are considered to possess humility, self-control, and are patient. The value of the family in China supersedes an individual’s. Family value is influenced by how a person behaves or acts in public. If a person exhibits behavior that is not considered right by the society, the image of the family is affected negatively. Respect for elders is also highly valued. They are also known to be very friendly and it is not a challenge to get along w ith them. China is also said to be a country where the citizens are very literate. Schools are widely set up in the country and families are encouraged to take their children to school to attain education. Education is important because it helps a person with

The Real-Political World in Movies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Real-Political World in Movies - Essay Example Episode 18, La Palabra, looks at the challenges and pressures that the media mounts on individuals in power, especially when it comes to controversial issues that require someone in a position of leadership to take a stand. The episode focuses on issues of healthcare and whether to give illegal immigrants driving licenses or not. This is reminiscent of real-life politics since healthcare continually plays a critical role in shaping the credibility of a leader, or the overall manifesto that an aspiring leader is presenting to the people. As an illustration, Obama’s Obamacare was viewed as being revolutionary by some, while being loathed by others. In all, his stance on healthcare is one of the major pillars that define his leadership up to now. On the other hand, the issue of illegal immigration is one of the major headaches affecting most European nations. Almost all leaders and individuals in powerful positions have something to say about illegal immigrants. The most vivid is Tramp’s stand on illegal Mexican immigrants, which led to him being in the mainstream media for quite some time. In all, this just highlights how the issue of illegal immigration is a major facet of the political landscape. Consequently, this shows how La Palabra touches on issues that are easily relatable to the real-life political world. Similarly, King Corn looks at the various intrigues affecting the lives of congressmen and other individuals in busy political offices. The episode is full of the intrigues that these individuals go through.